Embedded systems overview, role in robotics, and classification of embedded systems

CPU, memory, timers, GPIO, ADC/DAC, communication interfaces, and internal blocks.

Bare-metal programming, firmware structure, drivers, and hardware abstraction.

Real-time constraints, interrupts, timers, task scheduling basics, and responsiveness.

Sensor integration, motor control interfaces, PWM, encoders, and feedback systems.

UART, I2C, SPI, CAN basics, and communication between robotic subsystems.

Power consumption, battery systems, efficiency optimization, and real-world robotic embedded designs.